How are Fluorescence,Phosphorescence,Bioluminiscence and Chemiluminiscence different from each other?

从理论上讲，所有术语的含义相同，并通过不涉及高温的物质来描述光的发射。通用术语发光性可用于描述所有此类光发射过程。亮度意味着将激发分子放松到基态，并伴随着光的释放。另一方面，由于热量的施用，材料发射的光发射称为白炽灯。

本文的目的是阐明这些显然相似的声音术语之间的差异。

Fluorescence

Fluorescence is a process in which light is emitted by a substance at the longer wavelength subsequent to absorption at a shorter wavelength. The difference in the two wavelengths is referred to as Stoke’s shift. A fluorochrome is a substance which is capable of emission of light at longer wavelength after absorption at a shorter wavelength.

在特定波长电子处的光吸收转移到固有不稳定的较高能量状态，并且有返回基态的趋势。返回过渡非常快，发生在\（10^ - ^9至10^ - ^6 sec \）内。

磷光

磷光is similar to fluorescence but re- emission is slower (\(10^-^4 to 10^2\)) or even slower (minutes to even hours). The transition to a low energy ground state is slowed down by transition of electrons from excited singlet state to an intermediate triplet state and then eventual return to the ground state. Re- emission of light occurs at a lower energy (longer wavelength) in comparison to fluorescence due to extra energy loss in the intermediate state transition. Examples of phosphorescence are coatings on hands of a table clock which glow in the dark or even idols and toys which glow when lights are switched off

生物发光

生物发光refers to light emanating from living organisms and has mystified mankind the most. It gives the glow to fireflies, makes the waves glow at night and gives colourful glow to deep sea creatures. Bioluminescence has one unique feature which differentiates it from other categories of luminiscence. It is observed in pitch dark of night or under the darkness of the deep sea as it does not require irradiation of the organism by a light source. The biological organism derives its energy through from the food that it consumes. Certain proteins, such as luciferin, store the energy and result in excited electrons. Enzymes called luciferase de- activate the excited molecules resulting in emission of light.

化学

化学is a process which results in light emission due to a chemical reaction. The reaction is seldom initiated by light irradiation. A reaction product has an excited intermediate which emits light on stabilization to the ground state. A well known example is oxidation of luminol in alkaline media to aminophthalate ion which is produced as an excited state and emits blue light on relaxation to the ground state.

物质的发光行为被多种因素抑制，这些因素将在随后的文章中占据。